Analysis of the related risk factors of inguinal lymph node metastasis in patients with penile cancer: A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine independent predictors of inguinal lymph node (ILN) metastasis in patients with penile cancer. Patients and methods: We retrospectively analyzed all patients with penile cancer who underwent surgery at our medical center in the last ten years (n=157). Using univariate and multivariate logistic-regression models, we assessed associations with age, medical-history, phimosis, onset-time, number and maximum diameter of involved ILNs measured by imaging, pathological T stage, degree of tumor differentiation and/or cornification, lymphatic vascular infiltration (LVI), nerve infiltration, and ILN metastases. Interaction and stratified analyses were used to assess age, phimosis, onset time, number of ILNs, cornification, and nerve infiltration. Results: A total of 110 patients were included in the study. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the following factors were significantly correlated with ILN metastasis: maximum diameter of enlarged ILNs, T stage, pathological differentiation, and LVI. Among patients with a maximum ILN diameter ≥1.5cm, 50% had lymph node metastasis whereas 30.6% patients with a maximum ILN diameter <1.5cm showed LNM. Among 44 patients with stage Ta/T1, 10 showed ILN metastases, while 47.0% patients with stage T2 showed ILN metastases. Among 40 patients with highly differentiated penile-cancer, eight showed ILN metastasis, while 47.1% patients with low-to-middle differentiation showed ILN metastases. The rate of LNM was 33.3% in the LVI-free group and 64.3% in the LVI group. Conclusion: Our single-center results suggested that maximum ILN diameter, pathological T stage, pathological differentiation, and LVI were independent risk factors for ILN metastases.

Masculinidades e rupturas após a penectomia / Masculinidades y rupturas después de la penectomía / Masculinities and ruptures after penectomy

Resumo Objetivo Analisar os significados das masculinidades durante a vivência do câncer peniano e seus tratamentos. Métodos Abordagem qualitativa de pesquisa amparada em referencial teórico da antropologia médica e das masculinidades, com o emprego do método narrativo. Foram entrevistados em profundidade 18 homens com neoplasia peniana em um hospital referência em uro-oncologia do estado de São Paulo. Cada participante foi entrevistado com roteiro de investigação, em média três vezes, sendo as entrevistas audiogravadas, transcritas e analisadas conforme a análise temática indutiva. Resultados Seis participantes realizaram a penectomia parcial e 12 total. Em relação ao estado civil, participaram dois viúvos, dois solteiros, três divorciados e 11 casados, com média de idade de 54 anos. A extirpação do pênis promoveu mudanças significativas na forma como os homens performavam suas masculinidades, sobretudo a hegemônica. Portanto, essa experiência lhes permitiu reinterpretar suas condições de saúde na tentativa de identificar outros elementos hegemônicos que sustentassem suas imagens masculinas. Para alguns foi possível representar um homem inteiro, porém outros se consideram agora meio-homens. Conclusão O adoecimento rompeu com o fluxo biográfico dos participantes, pois antes do câncer peniano a hegemonia os representava como masculinos, entretanto, após a penectomia, eles perdem um órgão que socialmente traz atributos como força, poder, trabalho e virilidade, situação que lhes trouxe a necessidade de reinterpretar o ser masculino em suas culturas. A enfermagem, para promover o cuidado integral ao homem, deve considerar que as masculinidades interferem no processo saúde e doença.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar los significados de las masculinidades durante la vivencia del cáncer de pene y sus tratamientos. Métodos Enfoque cualitativo de investigación respaldado en el marco referencial teórico de la antropología médica y de las masculinidades, con el uso del método narrativo. Fueron entrevistados en profundidad 18 hombres con neoplasia de pene en un hospital de referencia en urología oncológica del estado de São Paulo. Cada participante fue entrevistado con guion de investigación, tres veces en promedio. Las entrevistas fueron grabadas, transcriptas y analizadas de acuerdo con el análisis temático inductivo. Resultados Seis participantes realizaron penectomía parcial y 12 total. Respecto al estado civil, participaron dos viudos, dos solteros, tres divorciados y 11 casados, con un promedio de edad de 54 años. La extirpación del pene generó cambios significativos en la forma como los hombres practicaban su masculinidad, sobre todo la hegemónica. Por lo tanto, esta experiencia les permitió interpretar sus condiciones de salud en el intento de identificar otros elementos hegemónicos que sostengan su imagen masculina. Para algunos fue posible representar un hombre entero, pero otros ahora se consideran medio hombres. Conclusión La enfermedad rompió con el flujo biográfico de los participantes, ya que antes del cáncer de pene, la hegemonía los representaba como masculinos; sin embargo, después de la penectomía, perdieron un órgano que socialmente trae atributos como fuerza, poder, trabajo y virilidad, situación que les produjo la necesidad de reinterpretar el ser masculino en su cultura. Para promover el cuidado integral del hombre, la enfermería debe considerar que las masculinidades interfieren en el proceso salud y enfermedad.

Abstract Objective To analyze masculinity meanings during penile cancer experience and its treatments. Methods Qualitative approach supported in the theoretical framework of medical anthropology and masculinities, with the use of the narrative method. We interviewed in-depth 18 men with penile cancer in a referential Urologic Oncology hospital from the state of São Paulo. Each participant was interviewed on average three times, with a structured script, being the interviews audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed according to the inductive thematic analysis. Results Six patients were submitted to the partial penectomy and 12 to the total penectomy. Regarding the marital status, six were widowers, two single, three divorced, and 11 married, with an average age of 54 years old. The penis extirpation fostered significant change in the way men performed their masculinities, even the hegemonic. Thus, this experience allowed them to reinterpret their health conditions to identify other hegemonic elements that sustained their masculine images. For a few, it was possible to represent a full man however, others considered themselves half-men. Conclusion The illness broke the participant's biographic flow because, before penile cancer, the hegemony represented them as masculines, however, after the penectomy, they have lost an organ that is socially related to attributes such as strength, power, work, and virility, situation that brought them the necessity to reinterpret being masculine in their culture. To promote integrality of care to man the nursing must consider that masculinities interfere in the process of health and disease.

The role of primary inguinal surgical debulking for locally advanced penile cancer followed by reconstruction with myocutaneous flap

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate surgical complications and oncological outcomes of patients submitted to primary radical inguinal surgical debulking (PRISD) and myocutaneous pediculate flap reconstruction (MPFR) for locally advanced penile cancer (PC). Materials and Methods: Forty-two patients with ulcerated and/or fixed bulky inguinal masses underwent unilateral or bilateral PRISD with MPFR. Tensor fascia lata flap (TFL) was the standard of care for all patients. Additional use of the gracilis flap (GF) was carried out when necessary. Contra-lateral radical inguinal lymphadenectomy (RIL) was conduced when PRISD was performed unilaterally. Surgical complications were analyzed and stratified into minor and major according to the Bevan-Thomas classification. Adjunctive treatments were assessed and oncological outcomes analyzed. Results: Of the 42 patients evaluated, 10 (23.8%) underwent bilateral PRISD and 32 (76.2%) unilateral PRISD with contra-lateral RIL, totaling 84 lymphadenectomies. A total of 62 MPFRs were performed, 52 with TFL and 10 with GF. A total of 53 complications were identified, 49 related to PRISD with MPFR and 4 to RIL. Adjuvant chemotherapy was carried out in 16 patients. Median follow-up was 10.8 months with a median overall survival (OS) of 14.0 months against 6.0 months (p=0.006) for patients submitted to PRISD with adjuvant chemotherapy in relation to surgery alone. Conclusions: PRISD alone for advanced loco-regional PC is unlikely to promote long-term survival, although it can lead to temporary local control of the disease. Despite the feasibility of the procedure, it is related to high incidence of complications. Surgical treatment with adjuvant chemotherapy is associated with improved OS.

Use of flaps in inguinal lymphadenectomy in metastatic penile cancer

ABSTRACT Purpose: Reviewing surgical procedures using fasciocutaneous and myocutaneous flaps for inguinal reconstruction after lymphadenectomy in metastatic penile cancer. Material and Methods: We reviewed the current literature of the Pubmed database according to PRISMA guidelines. The search terms used were "advanced penile cancer", "groin reconstruction", and "inguinal reconstruction", both alone and in combination. The bibliographic references used in the selected articles were also analyzed to include recent articles into our research. Results: A total of 54 studies were included in this review. About one third of penile cancers are diagnosed with locally advanced disease, often presenting with large lymph node involvement. Defects in the inguinal region resulting from the treatment of metastatic penile cancer are challenging for the surgeon and cause high patient morbidity, rendering primary closure unfeasible. Several fasciocutaneous and myocutaneous flaps of the abdomen and thigh can be used for the reconstruction of the inguinal region, transferring tissue to the affected area, and enabling tensionless closure. Conclusions: The reconstruction of defects in the inguinal region with the aid of flaps allows for faster postoperative recovery and reduces the risk of complications. Thus, the patient will be able to undergo potential necessary adjuvant treatments sooner.

Prognostic predictors of lymph node metastasis in penile cancer: a systematic review

ABSTRACT Purpose: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the penis is a rare disease in developed countries but is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. A crucial prognostic factor is the presence of inguinal lymph node metastases (ILNM) at the time of diagnosis. At least 25% of cases have micrometastases at the time of diagnosis. Therefore, we performed a literature review of studies evaluating factors, both clinical and pathological, predictive of lymph node metastases in penile SCC. Materials and methods: Studies were identified using PubMed and search terms included the following: penile cancer, penile tumor, penile neoplasm, penile squamous cell carcinoma, inguinal lymph node metastasis, lymph node metastases, nodal metastasis, inguinal node metastasis, inguinal lymph node involvement, predictors, and predictive factor. The number of patients and predictive factors were identified for each study based on OR, HR, or RR in multivariate analyses, as well as their respective significance values. These were compiled to generate a single body of evidence supportive of factors predictive of ILNM in penile SCC. Results: We identified 31 studies, both original articles and meta-analyses, which identified factors predictive of metastases in penile SCC. The following clinical factors were predictive of ILNM in penile SCC: lymphovascular invasion (LVI), increased grade, increased stage (both clinical and pathological), infiltrative and reticular invasion, increased depth of invasion, perineural invasion, and younger patient age at diagnosis. Biochemically, overexpression of p53, SOD2, Ki-67, and ID1 were associated with spread of SCC to inguinal lymph nodes. Diffuse PD-L1 expression, increased SCC-Ag expression, increased NLR, and CRP >20 were also associated with increased ILNM. Conclusions: A multitude of factors are associated with metastasis of SCC of the penis to inguinal lymph nodes, which is associated with poor clinical outcomes. The above factors, most strongly LVI, grade, and node positivity, may be considered when constructing a nomogram to risk-stratify patients and determine eligibility for prophylactic inguinal lymphadenectomy.

Anesthetic considerations and postoperative pain management in radical penectomy: Case report / Penectomía radical, consideraciones anestésicas y manejo del dolor postoperatorio: Reporte de un caso

Abstract Radical penectomy (RP) is infrequently performed as it is reserved for specific cases of penile cancer, hence the paucity of reports regarding surgical and anesthetic considerations. Acute postoperative pain, chronic post-surgical pain, concomitant mood disorders as well as a profound impact on the patient's quality of life have been documented. This case is of a patient with diabetes and coronary heart disease, who presented with advanced, over infected penile cancer, depressive disorder and a history of pain of neuropathic characteristics. The patient underwent radical penectomy using a combined spinal-epidural technique for anesthesia. Preoperatively, the patient was treated with pregabalin and magnesium sulphate, and later received a blood transfusion due to intraoperative blood loss. Adequate intra and postoperative analgesia was achieved with L-bupivacaine given through a peridural catheter during one week. Recovery was good, pain was stabilized to preoperative levels and the patient received pharmacological support and follow-up by psychiatry and the pain team.

Resumen La penectomía radical (PR) es una cirugía infrecuente, reservada para casos específicos de cáncer de pene, por lo que hay escasos informes sobre sus consideraciones quirúrgicas y anestésicas. Se ha documentado dolor agudo postoperatorio, dolor crónico posquirúrgico y alteraciones del estado de ánimo concomitantes, así como un profundo impacto en la calidad de vida posterior del paciente. Se presenta el caso de un paciente diabético y cardiópata coronario con cáncer de pene avanzado y sobreinfectado, trastorno depresivo y dolor previo de características neuropáticas, que recibe técnica combinada espinal-peridural para cirugía de penectomía radical. Se le trata también con pregabalina preoperatoria, sulfato de magnesio y transfusión por sangrado quirúrgico. Se otorgó una adecuada analgesia intra y postoperatoria, mediante catéter peridural con L-bupivacaína hasta por una semana. El paciente tuvo una buena recuperación, estabilización del dolor a niveles preoperatorios, controles y apoyo farmacológico por psiquiatría de enlace y equipo del dolor.

Erectile function after partial penectomy for penile cancer

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the erectile function in patients who underwent partial penectomy and identify factors associated with penile functional status. Materials and Methods: We identified patients who underwent partial penectomy due to penile cancer between 2009 and 2014. Clinical and pathological characteristics included patient age at the time of diagnosis, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, metabolic syndrome, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) status, penile shaft length, tumor size, primary tumor stage (pT), clinical nodal status, and local recurrence. Erectile function was assessed prospectively with the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) at least 3 months after partial penectomy. Results: A total of 81 patients met analysis criteria. At the diagnosis, the median age was 62 years (range from 30 to 88). Median follow-up was 17 months (IQR 7-36). Of total patients, 37 (45%) had T2 or higher disease. Clinically positive nodes were present in 16 (20%) patients and seven (8.6%) developed local recurrence. Fifty patients (62%) had erectile dysfunction (ED) after partial penectomy, 30% had moderate or severe erectile dysfunction scores. Patients with ED versus without ED were similar in baseline characteristics except for age, penile shaft length, and presence of inguinal adenopathy (p <0.05). Multivariate analysis using logistic regression confirmed that older patients, shorter penile shaft length, and clinically positive lymph node were significantly associated with ED. Conclusion: Partial penectomy due to penile cancer provides adequate local control of the disease, however, proper counselling is important especially in relation to ED consequences. Preservation of penile length yields to more optimal erectile recovery.

Therapeutic and surgical indications for patients with penile cancer in the COVID-19 era

ABSTRACT Purpose: The aim of this work is to review and synthesize the existing evidence and recommendations regarding to the therapeutic and surgical indications as well as monitoring of patients with Penile Cancer in COVID-19 era and to propose an action protocol to facilitate decision-making. Material and Methods: A non-systematic review of the literature regarding the management of penile cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic was performed until April 30, 2020. We propose our recommendations based on this evidence. Results: Penile cancer is an uncommon but aggressive disease. Prognosis is determined by several characteristics, being the most important the presence of lymph nodes, in which case, treatment should not be delayed. For these reasons, an initial evaluation is mandatory. Priority classifications, based on the oncological outcomes when treatment is delayed, have been made in order to separate deferrable disease from the one that needs high priority treatment. In penile cancer with low risk of progression, surgical treatment can be delayed, but other options must be considered, like topical treatment or laser therapy. In cases with intermediate risk of progression, surgical treatment may be delayed up to three months, but we must consider radiation therapy and brachytherapy as effective options. When feasible, follow-up should by telemonitoring. Conclusions: In the COVID 19 era, initial evaluation of the patient is mandatory. Histological diagnosis with local staging is necessary before offering any therapeutic option. In case of superficial non-invasive disease, topical treatment is effective in absence of lymph node involvement. In selected patients, radiotherapy is an organpreserving approach with good results. Non-deferrable surgical treatment must be performed by an experienced surgeon and as an outpatient procedure when possible. When indicated, iLND should not be delayed since it is decisive for patient survival. Follow-up should be by telemonitoring.

Perspectivas do homem submetido à penectomia / Perspectives of man submitted to penectomy / Perspectivas del hombre sometido a la penectomía

Objetivo: o presente artigo objetiva descrever as perspectivas do paciente submetido à penectomia e conhecer as perspectivas deste paciente após a penectomia. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo de caso realizado em um hospital federal na cidade do Rio de Janeiro com dois pacientes que estiveram internados no ano de 2017 e foram submetidos a penectomia. A coleta de dados foi realizada no ano de 2018 através de uma entrevista semiestruturada. Os participantes foram amparados pelos princípios éticos estabelecidos pela resolução 466/ 2012 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde, sendo que este estudo foi aprovado sob o número 2.769.381. Resultados: constatou-se que a penectomia nestes estudos de caso era a única terapêutica. Com isso, o desejo de estar com a família e prolongar a vida foram determinantes na adesão ao tratamento. Conclusão: concluiu-se que mesmo com as mudanças no corpo, a penectomia foi realizada na perspectiva de prolongar a vida

Objective: this article aims to describe the perspectives of patient submitted submitted to penectomy and to know the perspectives of this patient after the penectomy. Methods: its a case study realized in a federal hospital of Rio de Janeiro city with two patients who were admitted to the hospital during 2017 and underwent to penectomy surgery. The data collection was realized during 2018 with a semi-structured interview. The participants were protected by the ethics principles established by the resolution 466/ 2012 of the National Health Council and this study was approved under the number 2.769.381. Results: it was found that penectomy in this case studies was the only therapy. Thereby, the desire of being among their family and to extend their life was determinants to adhere the therapy. Conclusion: it was concluded that even with the changes in their body, the penectomy was realized to extend the life

Objetivo: el presente artículo objetiva describir las perspectivas del paciente sometido a la penectomía y conocer las perspectivas de este paciente después de la penectomía. Métodos: se trata de un estudio de caso realizado en un hospital federal en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro con dos pacientes que estuvieron internados en el año 2017 y fueron sometidos a penectomía. La recolección de datos se realizó en el año 2018 através de una entrevista semiestructurada. Los participantes fueron amparados por los principios éticos establecidos por la resolución 466/2012 del Consejo Nacional de Salud, siendo que este estudio fue aprobado bajo el número 2.769.381. Resultados: se constató que la penectomía en estos estudios de caso era la única terapéutica. Con ello, el deseo de estar con la familia y prolongar la vida fueron determinantes en la adhesión al tratamiento. Conclusión: se concluyó que incluso con los cambios en el cuerpo, la penectomía se realizó en la perspectiva de prolongar la vida

Initial experience of video endoscopic inguinal Lymphadenectomy in a center located at northeast brazilian region

ABSTRACT Introduction: Video endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy - VEIL - has emerged as an alternative to reduce post-surgical complications (PSC) in patients with penile cancer submitted to inguinal lymphadenectomy (IL). In some series, these PSC are observed in more than 50% of patients. The objectives of the present study are to describe the initial experience of VEIL in a Hospital in Teresina, PI, Brazil, and to analyze PSC incidence. Material and Methods: Retrospective descriptive study of patients submitted to VEIL from March 2014 to November 2015. Data were collected regarding surgical time, bleeding, complications, lymph node number, conversion, global complications, drainage time, cellulitis, lymphocele, cutaneous necrosis, miocutaneous necrosis and hospitalization time. Results: 20 lower limbs of 11 patients were operated. Mean age was 51.4 (24-72) years. Mean surgical time was 85 (60-120) minutes. No patient showed intrasurgical complications, bleeding > 50 mL or conversion. Three surgeries evolved with lower limb edema, 2 with lymphoceles and one patient had cutaneous necrosis and another bulging of surgical wound. Mean time of hospitalization was 4 (2-11) days. A mean of 5.8 (1-12) lymph nodes were dissected in each surgery. Conclusion: VEIL is a safe and easy technique with lower incidence of PSC that can be reproduced in small centers.

Estudio Descriptivo: Experiencia en el Manejo Quirúrgico del Cáncer de Pene en el Servicio de Urología del Instituto Oncológico Nacional Dr. Juan Tanca Marengo. Enero del 2010 a Diciembre del 2015. Guayaquil ­ Ecuador / Descriptive Research: Experience in the Surgical Management of Penile Cancer in the Urology Department of the National Oncological Institute Dr. Juan Tanca Marengo. January 2010 to December 2015. Guayaquil - Ecuador

INTRODUCCIÓN: El cáncer de pene en todo el mundo tiene una incidencia del 0.51- 8.3 por 100 000 varones. Su tratamiento puede ser quirúrgico, conservador o radical, con tratamiento adyuvante radioterapia y quimioterapia. Los objetivos fueron determinar histológicamente el tipo de cáncer de pene más común, el lugar de afectación, y el tratamiento quirúrgico más empleado. MÉTODOS: Es un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo realizado en el Instituto Oncológico Nacional Dr. Juan Tanca Marengo, en el período de enero del 2010 a diciembre del 2015. Se incluyó a los pacientes con diagnóstico histopatológico de cáncer de pene; las variables estudiadas fueron edad, localización, presencia de ganglios, histopatología, recidiva, metástasis y cirugía realizada; se obtuvo la media y desviación estándar. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó Excel 2016 y SPSS. RESULTADOS: Los pacientes estudiados fueron 58 con cáncer de pene; se evidenció, en relación a la edad se obtuvo una media de 59 años y desviación estándar +/-14.74. La lesión se localizó con mayor frecuencia en el glande 41 %, seguido de una afectación total del pene con un 38 %; en el caso de los ganglios fueron palpables en 24 pacientes. El tipo histológico más frecuente fue el carcinoma epidermoide 67 %. El tratamiento más empleado fue la penectomía subtotal en el 62 %. CONCLUSIONES: Se determinó que el carcinoma epidermoide fue el tipo histológico más prevalente, localizándose principalmente en el glande; la técnica más empleada fue penectomía subtotal. Se recomienda acudir precozmente cuando se evidencia una lesión a nivel del pene, el tratamiento precoz de estas lesiones mejoran el pronóstico del paciente.

BACKGROUND: Penis cancer worldwide has an incidence of 0.51- 8.3 per 100 000 males. It is treatment can be surgical, conservative or radical, with adjuvant treatment radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The objectives were: to determine histologically the most common type of penile cancer, the place of involvement, and the most used surgical treatment. METHODS: It is a descriptive, retrospective study realized in Dr. Juan Tanca Marengo National Oncological Institute, between the periods of January 2010 to December 2015. Patients with a histopathological diagnosis of penile cancer were included; the variables studied were age, location, presence of lymph nodes, histopathology, recurrence, metastasis and surgery performed; the mean and standard deviation were obtained. For the statistical analysis Excel 2016 and SPSS were used. RESULTS: The patients studied were 58 with penile cancer; it was evidenced, in relation to age, an average of 59 years and standard deviation was obtained +/- 14.74. The lesion was located more frequently in the glans 41 %, followed by a total involvement of the penis with 38 %; in the case of the nodes they were palpable in 24 patients. The most frequent histological type was squamous cell carcinoma 67 %. The most used treatment was subtotal penectomy in 62 % CONCLUSIONS: It was determined that squamous cell carcinoma was the most prevalent histological type, being located mainly in the glans; the technique most used was subtotal penectomy. It is recommended to pay attention early when there is evidence of a lesion at the level of the penis, the early treatment of these lesions improves the patient's prognosis.

Caracterización de pacientes tratados por cáncer de pene, con invasión de ganglios locorregionales en el Servicio de Urología del HCIPS de Asunción del Paraguay / Characterization of Patients treated for Penile Cancer with Locoregional Nodes Invasion in HCIPS Urology Unit, Asunción del Paraguay

Introducción: El cáncer de pene tiene una alta incidencia en Latinoamérica, siendo el carcinoma epidermoide el tipo histológico más frecuente. También es sabido que el cáncer de pene suele presentar diseminación a los ganglios linfáticos inguinales, antes de la progresión a la enfermedad metastásica. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los pacientes tratados por cáncer de pene con invasión locorregional en el Servicio de Urología del Hospital Central del Instituto de Previsión Social (HCIPS) de Asunción del Paraguay. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, de pacientes tratados con cáncer de pene con invasión locorregional entre los años 2014 y 2017. Se analizaron las siguientes variables: estadificación, tratamientos empleados según la clasificación y complicaciones. Resultados: Los 18 pacientes tratados por cáncer de pene con invasión locorregional fueron adultos mayores, con una edad media de 78,5 años. El tipo de intervención más frecuente fue la linfadenectomía inguinal bilateral (44%). Solo cuatro pacientes fueron sometidos simultáneamente a penectomía y linfadenectomía. Las complicaciones posoperatorias se presentaron en 8 casos (44%), siendo el linfedema la más frecuente. Conclusiones: Los factores pronósticos adversos más importantes son la presencia de adenopatías, el estadío clínico al diagnóstico y el grado de diferenciación celular. El tratamiento más eficaz del cáncer de pene es quirúrgico, reservando la quimioterapia y la radioterapia para adyuvancia o terapia de rescate, siendo las complicaciones más graves, mientras más radical sea la cirugía.(AU)

Introduction: Penile cancer has a high incidence in Latin America, with squamous cell carcinoma being the most frequent histological type. It is also known that penile cancer has a spread to the inguinal lymph nodes, before the progression to metastatic disease. Objective: Characterize the patients treated for penile cancer with locoregional invasion in the Urology Service of the Hospital Central del Instituto de Previsión Social (HCIPS), Asunción of Paraguay. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was conducted of patients treated with penile cancer with locoregional invasion between 2014 and 2017. The following variables were analyzed: staging, treatments used according to the classification and complications. Results: The 18 patients treated for penile cancer with locoregional invasion were older adults, with an average age of 78.5 years. The most frequent type of intervention was the bilateral ilioinguinal (44%). Only four patients were subjected simultaneously to penectomy and lymphadenectomy. Postoperative complications occurred in 8 cases (44%), lymphedema being the most frequent. Conclusions: The most important adverse prognostic factors are the presence of adenopathies, the clinical stage at diagnosis and the degree of cell differentiation. The most effective treatment of penile cancer is surgical, reserving chemotherapy and radiotherapy for adjuvance or rescue therapy, being the complications more serious, the more radical the surgery is.(AU)

Myiasis associated with penile carcinoma: a new trend in developing countries?

ABSTRACT Objectives The aim of this study is to report an unusual form of penile cancer presentation associated with myiasis infestation, treatment options and outcomes. Materials and Methods We studied 10 patients with suspected malignant neoplasm of the penis associated with genital myiasis infestation. Diagnostic assessment was conducted through clinical history, physical examination, penile biopsy, larvae identification and computerized tomography scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis. Clinical and pathological staging was done according to 2002 TNM classification system. Radical inguinal lymphadenectomy was conducted according to the primary penile tumor pathology and clinical lymph nodes status. Results Patients age ranged from 41 to 77 years (mean=62.4). All patients presented squamous cell carcinoma of the penis in association with myiasis infestation caused by Psychoda albipennis. Tumor size ranged from 4cm to 12cm (mean=5.3). Circumcision was conducted in 1 (10%) patient, while penile partial penectomy was performed in 5 (50%). Total penectomy was conducted in 2 (20%) patients, while emasculation was the treatment option for 2 (20%). All patients underwent radical inguinal lymphadenectomy. Prophylactic lymphadenectomy was performed on 3 (30%) patients, therapeutic on 5 (50%), and palliative lymphadenectomy on 2 (20%) patients. Time elapsed from primary tumor treatment to radical inguinal lymphadenectomy was 2 to 6 weeks. The mean follow-up was 34.3 months. Conclusion The occurrence of myiasis in the genitalia is more common in patients with precarious hygienic practices and low socio-economic level. The treatment option varied according to the primary tumor presentation and clinical lymph node status.

Penile squamous cell carcinoma: a review of the literature and case report treated with Mohs micrographic surgery

Abstract: The majority of penile carcinoma is squamous cell carcinoma. Although uncommon in the United States, it represents a larger proportion of cancers in the underdeveloped world. Invasive squamous cell carcinoma may arise from precursor lesions or de novo , and has been associated with lack of circumcision and HPV infection. Early diagnosis is imperative as lymphatic spread is associated with a poor prognosis. Radical surgical treatment is no longer the mainstay, and penile sparing treatments now are often used, including Mohs micrographic surgery. Therapeutic decisions should be made with regard to the size and location of the tumor, as well as the functional desires of the patient. It is critical for the dermatologist to be familiar with the evaluation, grading/staging, and treatment advances of penile squamous cell carcinoma. Herein, we present a review of the literature regarding penile squamous cell carcinoma, as well as a case report of invasive squamous cell carcinoma treated with Mohs micrographic surgery.